Mitchell, G. 1970. Abnormal behavior in primates. In: Primate Behavior, Volume 1. Rosenblum, L. A. (ed), 195-249. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Low levels of stimulation, lack of space, presence of human observers, and absence of friendly ties between animals are conditions conducive for the development of behavioral disorders. Subtle but sometimes severe behavioral abnormalities arise during and following manipulation of social experiences early in life. Peer deprivation, maternal deprivation, and temporal maternal separations produce pathologies that are usually quite persistent in primates.