Refinement Database

Database on Refinement of Housing, Husbandry, Care, and Use of Animals in Research

This database, created in 2000, is updated every four months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research.

Tips for using the database:

  • This landing page displays all of the publications in the database.
  • Use the drop-down menus to filter these publications by Animal Type, Setting, and/or Topic.
  • Clicking on a parent category (e.g., Rodent) will include publications relating to all the items in that category (e.g., Chinchilla, Gerbil, Guinea Pig, etc.).
  • You may also add a keyword to further narrow your search.
  • Please note that at this time, only publications dated 2010 or later (with some exceptions) can be filtered by Animal Type and Topic, and only publications dated 2020 or later (with some exceptions) can be filtered by Setting. Most publications older than 2010 can only be searched by keyword. 
Fielder, F. G., Casmer, C. J. 1966. A device to facilitate the restraint and handling of monkeys with minimal human contact. Laboratory Animal Science 16, 394-402.

Demonstration of conventional restraint techniques.

Ferron, R. R. 1966. Restraining boards for radiography of small primates. Laboratory Animal Science 16, 459-464.

The most common method used for temporary restraint of small primates is to tie or tape them to a cross-shaped plywood board.

Wagnon, K. A., Loy, R. G., Rollins, W. C. et al. 1966. Social dominance in a herd of Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn cows. Animal Behaviour 14, 474-479.

A peak in dominance is reached at the night year of age wherefter growing age contributes to a decline in social rank. Parallel to the age-dependent rise and decline in social rank the animal gain...

Schmisseur, W. E., Albright, J. L., Dillon, W. M. et al. 1966. Animal behaviour responses to loose and free stall housing. Journal of Dairy Science 49, 102-104.
Ross, S., Nagy, Z. M., Kessler, C. et al. 1966. Effects of illumination on wall-leaving behavior and activity in three inbred mouse strains. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 62, 338-340.

The results clearly indicated that illumination levels is an important variable affecting the general activity of mice. The animals showed less fearfulness and emotionality under low illumination conditions.

Richards, M. P. M. 1966. Activity measured by running wheels and observation during the oestrus cycle, pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the Golden hamster. Animal Behaviour 14, 450-458.

Golden hamsters run up to 9 km/24 h in running wheels.

Nolen, G. A., Alexander, J. C. 1966. Effects of diet and type of nesting material on the reproduction and lactation of the rat. Laboratory Animal Care [Laboratory Animal Science] 16, 327-336.

Reproductive improvements due to paper nesting material were dramatic. The 10.8 pups per litter weaned by mothers nested in paper was very significantly higher than the 7.0 pups weaned by those with wood shaving. A...

Barrow, S., Luschei, E., Nathan, M. et al. 1966. A training technique for the daily chairing of monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9, 680.

Rhesus macaques up to 5 kg in weight were trained to chair themselves.

Southwick, C. H., Beg, M. A., Siddiqi, M. R. 1965. Rhesus monkeys in North India . In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 111-159. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

Excellent overview of the species-typical behavior of wild rhesus macaques. Infants continue to nurse ... until they were probably about one year of age. Weaning definitely occurred when the next sibling was born.

Simonds, P. E. 1965. The bonnet macaque in South India. In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 175-196. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

The bonnet macaque is seen only in areas where there are at least a few large trees, and, given a supply of food and water, the presence of some large trees seems to be the...

Schaller, G. B. 1965. The behavior of the Mountain Gorilla. In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 324-367. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

Excellent overview of the species-typical behavior of wild gorillas.

Reynolds, V. , Reynolds, A. 1965. Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest. In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 368-424. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

At a very rough estimate, chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest spent an average of from 50 to 75 percent of the daylight hours in trees.

Moreland, A. F. 1965. Collection and withdrawal of body fluids and infusion techniques. In: Methods of Animal Experimentation, Volume I. Gay, W. I. (ed), 1-42. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Manual restraint of a rhesus macaque on a treatment table for saphenous blood collection is demonstrated.

Marler, P. 1965. Communication in monkeys and apes. In: Primate Behavior. Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes . De Vore, I. (ed), 544-584. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

A clear description of functional analysis of nonhuman primate communicative behaviors. Looking away, or rather looking anywhere except toward the opponent, is a widespread sign of submission.

Kissel, S. 1965. Stress-reducing properties of social stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2, 378-384.
Jay, P. 1965. The common langur of North India. In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 197-249. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

Excellent overview of the species-typical behavior of wild langurs. The presence of suitable sleeping trees also affects langur group distribution more than does the edibility of the vegetation.

Hummer, R. L. 1965. Principles of public health importance in the management of a subhuman primate colony. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 147, 1063-1067.

Animals used in biomedical research should not be considered as mere animals but rather as standardized biological resarch tools.

Hall, K. R. L. , De Vore, I. 1965. Baboon social behavior. In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 53-110. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

Excellent overview of the species-typical behavior of wild baboons. Weaning takes place between the eleventh to fifteenth month.

Greenberg, H. R., Sarner, C. A. 1965. Trichotillomania: symptom and syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 12, 482-489.
Draper, W. A. 1965. Sensory stimulation and rhesus monkey activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 21, 319-322.

Increases in activity level accompany increased illumination in single-caged subjects

De Vore, I. , Hall, K. R. L. 1965. Baboon ecology. In: Primate Behavior - Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. De Vore, I. (ed), 20-52. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY.

Photograph documenting a group of baboons who has taken refuge from a lioness by climbing into the trees. These trees are smaller than those used for sleeping. ... The danger of predators sets limits on...

Wilsson, M., Warren, J. M., Abbott, L. 1965. Infantile stimulation, activity and learning by cats. Child Development 63, 843-853.

The importance of infantile stimulation for later tolerance for handling is demonstrated.

Scott, J. P. , Fuller, J. L. 1965. Genetics and the Social Behaviour of the Dog. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Regular human contact during the socialization period (age 3-14 weeks) is particularly important to assure that adult dogs will not be fearful of humans.

Porter, G., Lane-Petter, W. 1965. The provision of sterile bedding and nesting materials with their effects on breeding mice. Journal of the Animal Technician Association [Animal Technology] 16, 5-8.

Mice nested in shredded paper had a lower pre-weaning mortality than those nested in woodchips.

Kavanau, J. L., Brant, D. H. 1965. Wheel-running preferences of Peromysucs. Nature 208, 597-598.